Sites of Interest Materials Listing: Spring 2008
 Each year for their capstone seminar a group of junior and senior honors students work with the DBC director to select the coming year's texts and to research various aspects of them. Their research produces original papers, along with annotated bibliographies of print and on-line resources. We in turn make those papers and bibliographies available to current Dean's Book Course instructors and students who are conducting similar research.
Some documents presented by the Dean's Readers are in PDF format. If you don't have Adobe Acrobat Reader, you may download it for free here.
Author and Genre Information
• Contribution from Dean’s Reader:
"Robert Sapolsky: The Author and His Genre" by Nicole Scire.
ABSTRACT
This paper presents research zoologists and their lives in the bush as well as in society. It begins with background information on Robert Sapolsky, author of A Primate’s Memoir, and focuses on Sapolsky’s published works as well as his life in Africa. The project will then consider other zoologists mentioned in A Primate’s Memoir, including Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, Birute Galdikas, and Frank Laurence, again with a focus on the different types of fieldwork these scientists conducted. Primary and secondary sources found using libraries, databases, and internet search engines have been used. These sources, all evaluated for credibility and biases, will help us gain an appreciation for the zoologists who have left a legacy in their scientific areas.
• Print materials available in DuBois Library [view list]
• Online Resources:
Biography of Katy Payne. The Elephant Listening Project.
The website gives a brief overview of the purpose of the Elephant Listening Project as well as provided information about how the project is meant to help the endagered elephants.
Dian Fossey, About, Inc.
The article discusses Dian Fossey’s academic history briefly, but then goes on to discuss how Fossey became interested in the study of mountain gorillas. The article also discusses her work very briefly and how she was found murdered on December 26, 1985. The website that contains the article is reliable; however, I would suggest looking for resources that provide more insight on Fossey’s life and career.
Dian Fossey 1932-1985.
The document written by students of the Minnesota State University gives a thorough analysis of Fossey’s life and career. This is another summary that discusses where she was born and grew up. Then goes on to give a brief overview of her research in the bush. Finally, it provides a quick discussion of Fossey’s issues with the poachers.
Jane Goodall. The Jane Goodall Institute.
This website gives an entire timeline of Goodall’s life. It provides every important date that relates to Goodall’s work. Also, the website thoroughly discusses Goodall’s childhood, her early years in the bush, life in Gombe and many other topics that are interesting.
Katy Payne: elephant songs
The interview given by Knapp gives a detailed account of how Payne and her colleagues began studying the sounds of elephants. It also provides information about where she began the study of the sounds. Finally, the interview gives a brief discussion of how Payne and her colleagues had made seven trips to Africa in order to study the sounds of elephants in the wild.
A Letter Home. Letters from the Field: Katy Payne. October 31, 2002
The website documents letters written to Payne’s family and friends and discusses her days spent in the Andrea Turkalo's field camp in the Dzanga-Sangha forest which is located in the Central African Republic. The website provides detailed account of how she was living and how the elephants were behaving during each season.
The Neuroendocrinology of Stress and Aging: The Glucocorticoid Cascade Hypothesis.
The website provides a detailed account of the research Sapolsky did in the lab with other scientists. This particular document discusses Sapolsky’s research on the aging male rat and the affects of stress on the rat.
Mission of DFGFI. The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund.
The website discusses the mission of the DFGFI and how it is dedicated to the protection of gorillas in Africa. The website also gives a brief analysis on the background of the fund and why it was initiated. Other links on the website provide discussions about Fossey, mountain gorillas, and conservation and research.
Science.ca Profile: Birute Galdikas.
Not only does the website discuss Galdika’s work in the area of orangutans, it also gives an entire biography of Galdika’s. The website provides information about her family life, an overview of all the research she has done and observations she has made, and all of the award has received for the research.
Sapolsky's Science
• Contributions from Dean’s Readers:
"Solving Stress with Sapolsky: A Review of General Adaptation Syndrome" by Jacob R. Annis.
ABSTRACT
The idea that psychological stress can affect the health of human beings is a relatively new idea, as the first major work on the subject was published in 1950. As a scientist, Robert M. Sapolsky’s lifelong research has aimed at elucidating and alleviating some of the consequences of stress-linked pathophysiology. Sapolsky is a neuroendocrinologist and professor at Stanford University whose research has been focused on stress and neuron degeneration. This work intends to review the stress response and to cover the most current research concerning the health consequences of prolonged stress. This paper will fall into the hands of some of the most serious students at the University of Massachusetts and should help them to understand and appreciate Sapolsky’s research contained in next year dean’s book, A Primate's Memoir. A paper of this sort is necessary to confront a growing number of stress related causes of death as the societal role of the individual becomes more complex and exposes us to prolonged, toxic anxiety.
"The Commonalities and Dissimilarities Between Humans and Baboons" by Kirsten Talgo.
ABSTRACT
Anyone who has studied the theory of evolution is familiar with the belief that humans are closely related to many primate species. As a result, primates are commonly used as research subjects in medical and behavioral studies to gain insight on human behavior and physiology. In his book A Primate’s Memoir, Robert Sapolsky recalls his travels to Africa to observe baboons and research the effects of social stress on the endocrine system. Sapolsky chose baboons as his research subjects because their social behavioral tendencies and endocrine systems are very similar to humans. This research project explores other areas in which humans and baboons share commonalities. It includes an examination of past research and discoveries and an analysis of the current conservation issues threatening baboons. Even though baboons and humans share various anatomical, biological and behavioral traits, there have been growing problems regarding territory protection and domain sharing. By thoroughly examining our similarities, we may be able to find ways to overcome our differences.
• Print materials available in DuBois Library
[view list]
• Online Resources:
Works by Sapolsky and Sapolsky et al.
“Culture in Animals: The Case of a Non-human Primate Culture of Low Agression and High Affiliation"
The author of A Primate’s Memoir gives an excellent description of animal behavior and how it may relate to human culture. Sapolsky writes about the concept of culture, which has been accepted as a distinctly human species trait, may be applicable to certain groups of nonhuman primates. Essentially, this article gives further support to the notion that humans and primates are closely related in a social behavioral aspect.
“Depression, antidepressants, and the shrinking hippocampus"
The focus of much of Sapolsky’s most recent primary research has concerned the effects of prolonged exposure to stress on the brain and its function.
"‘How Do Glucocorticoids Influence Stress Responses? Integrating Permissive, Suppressive, Stimulatory, and Preparative Actions"
Sapolsky and others review the actions of glucocorticoids in the stress response, and the findings show both permissive and suppressive physiological roles.
“Organismal Stress and Telomeric Aging: An Unexpected Connection"
Sapolsky reviews the primary literature and describes a possible mechanism for the acceleration of senescence or aging caused by exposure to psychological stress.
“Prolonged Glucocorticoid Exposure Reduces Hippocampal Neuron Number: Implications for Aging"
This article is yet more primary research by Sapolsky suggesting that prolonged exposure to psychological stress can cause brain damage.
The Reinvention of the Self: A mind-altering idea reveals how life affects the brain.
Seed magazine published this remarkably interesting review of current research concerning neurology. This article contains quotations from Dr. Sapolsky and gives us a unique view of our favorite scientist.
“Social Cultures Among Nonhuman Primates"
Sapolsky, along with biologist Thore J. Bergman and anthropologist Rebecca Chancellor, independently discusses the notion of animal culture. They discuss the trend of high affiliation and low aggression among certain wild baboon troops and how this group behavior relates to the basic perception of “culture”. Also, the authors discuss the role evolution has taken in affecting animal and human culture.
Other Works
“Baboon as a Nonhuman Primate Model for Vaccine Studies"
A brief article from the scientific journal, Vaccine, discussing the important role baboons play in being research subjects in vaccine studies. The article states that baboons are found to be ideal subjects for vaccine studies because they are the animal most phylogenetically similar to humans. Also briefly mentions important specific studies baboons have been involved in for vaccine research.
"Baboon Metaphysics"
On December 5, Terry Gross interviewed Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth, authors of *Baboon Metaphysics,* which reports on their years of fieldwork observing baboon's matrilineal social dynamics. The "Fresh Air" page linked here offers the interview audio, an excerpt from the book, and links to other NPR stories on primate cognition.
“Cousins at War: Baboons vs. People"
This insightful article by Mike Lee of NBC News covers the territory battle occurring in Cape Peninsula, South Africa. Recent urban development has caused more than 350 baboons to be displaced from their territory. With nowhere else to go, the baboons have been infiltrating the urban community by breaking into homes, raiding kitchens and harassing people with food. This article discusses the options the residents are trying to explore.
Cultures of Animals May Provide Insights into Human Behavior.
A Wall Street Journal article by author Sharon Begley sites Robert Sapolsky as she attempts to give readers additional insight into behavioral similarities between animals and humans. She talks about aggression and group behavior among baboons and how it relates to basic human behavior.
Emotions and Disease Exhibit: Stress and Deprivation
The United States National Library of Medicine, a division of the National Institutes of Health, published an exhibit in 2005 describing the development of neurophysiology and general adaptation syndrome as it applies to clinical medicine.
"How Baboons Think (Yes, Think)"
This article by Nicholas Wade from the New York Times (10/9/07) contains references to Sapolsky and demonstrates that "reading a baboon's mind affords an excellent grasp of the dynamics of baboon society" -- and perhaps ours.
Laughter Modulates the Parameters for Renin-Angiotensin System in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
This is a primary research article published in a well-established, peer-reviewed journal that gives an overwhelming amount of data supporting laughter as a means of controlling the hormonal cascade involved in blood pressure, which is directly related to the stress-response.
Stress-associated immune dysregulation and its importance for human health: a personal history of psychoneuroimmunology
Glaser and his wife have been conducting research in the emerging field of psychoneuroimmunology for a decade. This article is a review of academic stress studies focused on the immunological consequences of prolonged stress.
“A Study to Determine if Human Umbilical Cord Hematopoietic Stem Cells Can Survive in Baboon Extra-Embryonic Celomic Fluid: A Prerequisite for Determining the Feasibility of in-utero Stem Cell Xeno-Transplantation.”
This source is a synopsis of a study conducted dealing with stem cell research and in-vivo experimentation. The findings concluded that human umbilical cord stem cells can survive in baboon celomic fluid for over twenty hours. Not only does this study show further biological commonalities between humans and baboons, it also determined that subsequent in-vivo experiments in pregnant baboons can act as models in issues dealings with in-utero injection of human cells.
“We’re in Baboon Country” with Matt Lauer
This is a brief explanation of what it is like to live amongst baboons in an urban society. Baboons that have been displaced from their territory have found new ways of foraging for food; people. Residents, visitors and tourists are warned to not eat food outside because they may be harassed or attacked by a baboon. This article also includes a short story of a girl who was attacked by three baboons who wanted her sandwich.
Tourism, Conservation & the Kenyan National Parks
• Contribution from Dean’s Reader:
"African National Parks and Reserves: From the People to the Environment" by Meagan Mulford.
ABSTRACT
The acclaimed writer of A Primate’s Memoir, Robert M. Sapolsky has spent much of his time researching Savanna baboons in one of Africa’s most well-known wildlife reserves, the Masai-Mara National Reserve. Here he establishes a bond not only with the baboons, but with the environment and its people. In his years spent on the reserve and its surrounding lands, Sapolsky has come to understand the effects the parks have not just on the environment, but on Africa’s people as well. In order to understand the extent to which the African national parks and reserves impact the environment and the people, it is important to understand the parks fully. This will be explored through a general overview of the national parks and reserves found throughout Africa, their formation and history, and the primary mission of the parks, as well as an exploration of conservation and tourism in Africa and how it is and is not helping the environment and its people. By exploring these important aspects of the national parks and reserves found throughout Africa, the reader will come away with a deeper understanding of the impact they have upon the people and environment. Without the parks’ existence, Sapolsky would not have been able to carry out his important research.
• Print materials available in DuBois Library [view list]
• Online Resources:
African Wildlife Foundation
This foundation’s mission is to “conserve wildlife, protect the land, and empower the people” of Africa. This is a great source to find a variety of information on the present conservation efforts in Africa, along with the efforts to help and involve its people.
“The Conservation Conundrum"
Tom Chesshyre's article highlights the differing opinions on whether luxury tourism in African national parks helps to conserve wildlife and provide income for local communities or does just the reverse.
“East African Parks Face Bleak Future"
This New Scientist article by Emma Young discusses how the national parks of east Africa are in serious danger. Particularly, wildlife of Masai Mara and Serengeti game reserves are at risk due to the degradation of the Mara River. If this issue is not addressed, the future of the environment and local people will be at stake.
“Good and Bad at Game"
This Economist article addresses the question of “whom is a national park intended to serve?” It further explains how national parks neglected the interests of the indigenous people and how tourism and the environment cannot successfully work together.
The Living Africa
This website contains valuable information on Africa’s people, land, wildlife, and national parks. It also has a list of every African country with a National Park. If you click on the name of a park, it gives a map of the country and brief overview of the park.
Peace Parks Foundation
This foundation works towards supporting a balance between southern Africa’s conservation, its people, and economics. This source provides valuable information on how man and the environment can coexist.
“A Survey of Tourist Expectations and Economic Potential for a Proposed Wildlife Sanctuary in a Maasai Group Ranch near Amboseli, Kenya"
This article from the Journal of Sustainable Tourism explores the possible effects expanding tourism and conservation beyond national park boundaries in Kenya may have not only on the environment, but also on the local people. It further gives suggestions to the problems surrounding tourism.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization World Heritage
This is a great source to find information on conservation of the African National Parks. The UNESCO's World Heritage mission is “to encourage the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of outstanding value to humanity.”
United Nations Environmental Programme
This is a valuable source to use to research conservation and environmental issues in Africa. The mission of the United Nations Environment Programme is “to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.”
Wildlife Conservation Society
This U.S. foundation strives to conserve wildlife and the environment internationally. The foundation’s mission is to “change individual attitudes toward nature and help people imagine wildlife and humans living in sustainable interaction on both a local and a global scale.”
World Wildlife Fund
This organization strives to promote global conservation by protecting the wildlife and land, using sustainable methods for the use of renewable natural resources, and reducing pollution and the wasteful use of resources.
Culture & History of Kenya
• Contributions from Dean’s Readers:
"The Mau Mau Rebellion: Kenya’s Quest for Independence" by Mary Jenkins.
ABSTRACT
In A Primate’s Memoir, author Robert Sapolsky briefly discusses the Mau Mau rebellion (1952-1960), an uprising of Kikuyu men and women against the British colonists in Kenya. Militarily the conflict is interesting because the rebels were able to effectively hold their own against the British forces much longer than expected despite their makeshift weapons, fragmented leadership, and lack of support from countries outside Kenya. Politically the rebellion is interesting because, while inherently a failure since the British were able to stop the uprising and maintain control of the colony, nevertheless soon after the conflict ended the British did relinquish control of the Kenya— to a new government composed of Kenyans previously loyal to the colonial powers. Hence it is unclear, and debated, whether the rebellion was truly a war for independence. Even Jomo Kenyatta, a man who had been revered by the Mau Mau and became president of independent Kenya, was as eager for Kenya to forget the conflict as the British were to conceal their actions and suppress all memory of the rebellion. This paper is an attempt to revive that memory.
"The Maasai and Kikuyu: Their Histories, Cultures, and Customs" by Alyssa Laganelli
ABSTRACT
Robert M. Sapolsky was neighbors to the Maasai people during his time among the baboons in East Africa. In A Primate’s Memoir, he describes his encounters with the Maasai people of Kenya and Tanzania, and talks of the Kikuyu people who make their home near the Maasai in East Africa. Sapolsky discusses the Kikuyu involvement in the Mau Mau rebellion, an effort by the Kikuyu to overthrow British colonial rule. This project examines the Maasai and Kikuyu tribes of East Africa to learn more about the tribes’ histories, cultures, and customs. In addition, the project compares and contrasts the Maasai and the Kikuyu to discover the tribes’ similarities as well as what makes them unique, and to help offer a new perspective on Sapolsky’s Memoir by providing a greater understanding of the two tribes.
• Print materials available in DuBois Library [view list]
• Online Resources:
"African Americans and the Mau Mau Rebellion: Militancy, Violence, and the Struggle for Freedom"
James Meriwether’s article is unique in that he links the emerging Civil Rights Movement in America with the Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya, both of which were taking place during the same time period in the 1950s to the 1960s. I did not use this article in my research but I think that it contains fascinating links between the two movements and it would be an excellent source if a student wanted to research this topic.
"Burying the Bones of the Past"
David Anderson analyzes the divisiveness of the Mau Mau rebellion and how there is still controversy today in Kenya about how the rebellion should be memorialized. Anderson compares aspects of the Mau Mau rebellion to the genocide in Rwanda, apartheid in South Africa, and other massacres of Africans in Nambibia, Algeria, and Sierra Leone. Also Anderson touches on Kenyatta’s policy of amnesia, and how this desire to “bury the past” plays a major role in the controversy surrounding whether or not the remains of Mau Mau warriors should be buried in Heroes Acre in the Uhuru Gardens. This article is a good supplement to Anderson’s book Histories of the Hanged, The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire.
"A 'Civilizing' Mission in Late Colonial Kenya"
This work by Caroline Elkins can be seen as a supplement to her book, Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. In this article Elkins focuses on some of the major historical aspects of the Mau Mau rebellion, the detention camps, and the she discusses how she went about conducting her research in Kenya. This article also touches on the legacy of the rebellion in Kenya today and Jomo Kenyatta’s desire to suppress the memory of the rebellion.
"Constructing the Colonial Myth of Mau Mau"
Dane Kennedy's article from the International Journal of African Historical Studies would be helpful for those students focusing primarily on the myths surrounding the Mau Mau rebellion. The rebellion had many facets and in this article Kennedy explores how the myths about the Mau Mau rebellion evolved since Kenya achieved independence. Throughout this article Kennedy refers to many other historians and their perspectives on the Mau Mau myths giving the reader a comprehensive analysis of this complex topic. This article is also a good source of historical facts concerning the rebellion.
HistoryWorld Online
The HistoryWorld website contains numerous articles about a variety of subjects including the history of Kenya and the terrorist movement in Kenya. In addition, HistoryWorld contains interactive articles and historical timelines. All articles on the website were written by historian Bamber Gascoigne.
"Key Monument in Honour of Heroes Begins to Take Shape"
Mildred Ngesa's article is from the Nairobi-based newspaper The Nation. Ngesa’s article centers on the fact that Kenya has finally decided to honor the men and women who fought during the Mau Mau rebellion with a monument that will be constructed in Uhuru Park, in Nairobi. This article is interesting because it demonstrates that there is still controversy concerning the rebellion in modern-day Kenya.
"Kikuyu”
This article from the Encyclopedia of World Cultures provides readers with a detailed overview of Kikuyu history, culture, and customs. The article focuses on Kikuyu demographics, history, economy, kinship, marriage, family, sociopolitical organization, and religion.
"Kikuyu Christianities"
This article discusses Christianity and the Kikuyu people of Kenya. In it, author John Lonsdale talks about how the Kikuyu people were first exposed to Christianity. Lonsdale goes on to describe the diversity of Christianity within the Kikuyu people.
"Maasai"
Paul Spencer's Encyclopedia of World Cultures article provides readers with a detailed overview of Maasai history, culture, and customs. The article focuses on the location, demographics, and language of the Maasai along with their history, settlements, economy, kinship, marriage, family, sociopolitical organization, and religion.
Maasai Association
The Maasai Association’s website is managed by a Maasai man named Kakuta Ole Maimai. Maimai was born and raised in Kenya and knows first hand of Maasai history, culture, and customs. The website offers a detailed overview of the Maasai people as well as their ceremonies and rituals. The philosophy of the Maasai Association website is to preserve Maasai culture
"Maasai Marriage: A Comparative Study of Kenya and Tanzania"
This article from the Journal of Comparative Family Studies compares Maasai marriage in Kenya to marriage in Tanzania. Author Ernestina Coast discusses age and education in relation to marriage. In addition, she talks about the practice of polygamy among the Maasai in both countries.
"Maasai Socioeconomic Conditions: A Cross-Border Comparison"
This article by Ernestina Coast and published in Human Ecology consists of data from October 1997 and May 1998 surveys of Maasai households in Kenya and Tanzania. According to Coast, the data in the article represents the “first large-scale, cross-border comparable survey of socioeconomic indicators for the Maasai.” This article describes and compares household organization, living conditions, and livelihoods of the Maasai in both Kenya and Tanzania.
"A Matter of Honour"
Fred Oluoch's article from the Nairobi-based newspaper The East African, details the task force that was created to determine the “criteria” that will allow certain Mau Mau rebels to be buried at Heroes’ Acre in Uhuru Park. Heroes’ Acre is still under construction and with its construction the controversy continues to be resurrected on the issue of whether or not Kenya won its independence from Great Britain because of the Mau Mau rebellion. This website AllAfrica.com is a great resource for African newspaper articles.
"Mau Mau revisited"
Anthony Daniels compares and contrasts the books Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya written by Caroline Elkins, and the book Histories of the Hanged: Britain’s Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire written by David Anderson. Daniels also offers up his own opinions and insight into the rebellion. This article is helpful because it gives good historical background information and it describes the main differences between Elkins’ and Anderson’s books. Incorporated with Daniels analysis the reader sees the varied ways in which different historians interpret the rebellion.
"Mau Mau Rebellion"
Robert Edgerton's article provides a detailed overview of the Mau Mau Rebellion. The article focuses on the origins, fighting, and resolution of the rebellion and aims to unravel some of the myths surrounding it. The Kikuyu involvement in the rebellion is discussed along with the treatment of Africans during the European colonization of Africa. An African view of the Mau Mau and response to European colonization is provided through an excerpt from a speech by Jomo Kenyetta, a Kikuyu man.
"Mau Mau Story Not Fully Told"
Onyango-Obbo critiques Caroline Elkins’ book Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. The author is critical of Elkins because he believes that she portrays the Mau Mau fighters as victims and not freedom fighters that choose to die for their country in their quest to achieve independence from the British colonial system. This article is yet another example of the controversial nature of Elkins’ book and the contrasting ways in which the rebellion continues to be perceived in Kenya, and throughout the world, today.
"New Texts Likely to Re-Open Debate On Mau Mau Heroes"
Paul Redfern’s 2005 article reviews Histories of the Hanged by David Anderson and Imperial Reckoning by Caroline Elkins. He writes that both of these books will likely re-open old wounds in Kenya and in Great Britain. At the same time however, he notes that many of the Mau Mau veterans and their families welcome these books because they bring attention to a period of Kenyan history that has been suppressed for almost half a century. Redfern believes that Anderson’s book is more balanced in its opinions than Elkins’ work, but that both books help bring to light new perspectives concerning the conflict.
“The Production of History in Kenya: The Mau Mau Debate"
This article from the Canadian Journal of African Studies discusses the evolution of the debate concerning the Mau Mau rebellion. Atieno-Odhiambo analyzes how the debate developed and he discusses the idea that history can be “produced” because it was documented by guild historians and not the people who actually lived through the conflict. I found this article to be helpful because the author details how/why the memory of the rebellion was suppressed by Kenyatta and his newly formed post-colonial government.
“Review Article, Mau Mau Rebellion Fifty Years On"
In this review from African Affairs, Michael Chege explores two main ideas, what the Mau Mau movement “really was,” and the political factors that have effected how it has come to be remembered in modern-day Kenya. He provides good historical background information and he draws on the ideas of several authors to give a comprehensive and insightful review of the rebellion fifty years after it came to an end.
"The Representation of African Pastoralists: A Commentary"
Edward Burner's article from Visual Anthropology discusses tourism in East Africa, in particular the “Western fantasy” of African pastoralists. Burner describes Westerners’ fantasy of pastoral people, such as the Maasai. In addition, Burner talks about how many pastoralists play into the Western fantasy because they have lost land and need tourist’s cash for survival.
"The Wrong War"
This article discusses the parallels between the Mau Mau rebellion and fighting the war on terrorism. Byford compares and contrasts Gandhi’s Quit India movement and the Mau Mau rebellion and the morality of the tactics used in these two different movements. Byford also ties into this article Bush’s war on terrorism and why Byford believes that the war on terror is “destined to be morally unsatisfying.” For students interested in terrorism and its link to the Mau Mau rebellion, this would be a good article to read.
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